1873
Macedonian
Dictionary of Four Languages
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Description
Dictionary of Four Languages (Четиријазичник, Речник од четири јазика) is a lexicographical work by Georgi Pulevski, a Macedonian writer and revolutionary.
Published in 1873 in Belgrade, Serbia, the dictionary is titled as covering four languages but effectively includes five. It features four columns of word explanations, with one column combining explanations in both Serbian and Macedonian, alongside other languages (Albanian, Turkish, and Greek, common in the region).
This work represents an early effort by Pulevski to document and promote the Macedonian language within a multilingual framework, reflecting his commitment to Macedonian linguistic and cultural identity.
About the Author
Author
Georgi Pulevski(1817 - 1893)
Gjorgija Pulevski or Georgi Pulevski was a self-taught stonemason from Galichnik and a migrant worker, one of the first komitadjis and revolutionaries, a voyvoda, poet, textbook author, folklorist, ethnographer, lexicographer, grammarian, historian, and cultural-national ideologue. He was one of the most prominent and greatest Macedonian intellectuals of his time.
Born in the village of Galichnik, Georgi continued his life’s path from that of a migrant stonemason in Romania through various wars of liberation and uprisings throughout the entire second half of the 19th century. He began the struggle for the freedom of his people by participating in the liberation movements of other Balkan nations. Believing that in doing so he was also fighting for his own homeland, Pulevski first joined the liberation actions as a volunteer, during the events of 1862–1863, when, as a sergeant in a pontoon unit, he fought against the Turkish garrison in Belgrade. Later, after the outbreak of the Serbian–Turkish War (1876), he again joined as a volunteer on the side of the Serbian army.
Already in the following year, the Russo–Turkish War began, and Pulevski once more, with his unit, was in the ranks of the vanguard of the Russian army during the liberation of Bulgaria. In 1878, Pulevski actively participated as a voyvoda in the Kresna Uprising, placing himself directly in the service of the struggle for the freedom of the Macedonian people.
After the failure of the Macedonian (Kresna) Uprising, Pulevski moved to Sofia, where in 1879 he published separately the first patriotic-political poem, "Samovila Makedonska" (“The Macedonian Fairy”), in which he mentions Philip of Macedon and Alexander of Macedon as ancestors of today’s Macedonians, who ruled the entire world 300 years before Christ. The poem reflects the ideology of the Macedonian participants in the Macedonian (Kresna) Uprising.
As part of Pulevski’s activity among the Macedonian émigré community in Sofia, he was one of the founding members of the Slavo-Macedonian Literary Society in 1888. It is of particular importance as the first Macedonian literary association of any kind, and it stands as further proof of his patriotic cultural activity and his national-political orientation.